This snapshot report examines emerging digital narratives and behaviors in the lead-up to Bangladesh’s general elections and referendum, focusing on the period from 16 to 31 January 2026. The second half of January 2026 was marked by intensifying political dynamics and heightened digital discourse in Bangladesh as the country edged closer to the 12 February national elections. At least 15 political activists were reported killed amid pre-election tensions, contributing to fears of renewed unrest that many hoped had ended with earlier political transitions. Drawing on data from three social media platforms – Facebook, TikTok, and X – the analysis tracks the evolution of harmful digital narratives and behaviors, including mis- and disinformation, hate speech, and incitement to violence, alongside constructive narratives related to de-escalation, democratic norms, and social cohesion. Five key insights emerged from this period:
- Human rights and accountability now dominate online political discourse, overtaking hate speech – Hate speech is now the third most discussed topic, suggesting a shift in online conversation volume. The focus is increasingly on offline tensions, uncertainty, accountability, and justice, continuing the trend established by the protests that led to the recent elections.
- Gendered abuse and misogynistic narratives emerged as a distinct and growing digital harm – The start of campaigning saw a surge in targeted online gendered abuse against female candidates. This aligns with reports of rising gendered violence against women, coinciding with increased religious rhetoric from Jamaat about the role of women in society.
- Narratives about acts of violence, killing and massacres remain persistent – This observation aligns with the increased reporting of political violence and vandalism. Reflecting the offline dynamics and engagement, with the intensification of political activities as the elections draw nearer.
- Scrutiny around the electoral process remains a key narrative – As elections draw near, the electoral process remains a topic of conversation. The content encompasses a blend of constructive criticism, introspection on existing deficiencies, and proposals for enhancing the overall process.
- Election related conspiracy narratives expanded and intensified – Consistent scrutiny of the electoral process perpetuates discussions concerning election conspiracy theories. These conversations primarily suggest that various political parties are exerting influence over the electoral process in ways that benefit their respective interests.